The following table lists substances, other than active ingredients i. Each profile will be revised and republished as necessary. Toxic chemicals toxic effects of a chemical may occur after a single acute exposure or long term repeated chronic exposure. Toxicological evaluation of phenol european food safety. Phenolic compounds natural sources, importance and. Sep 26, 2019 the atsdr toxicological profile succinctly characterizes the toxicologic and adverse health effects information for the hazardous substance described here. Before reliable avian, amphibian, and reptilian trvs can be derived, phenol toxicity in these wildlife classes needs to be adequately characterized. Relative toxicity of substituted phenols reported in. Test organisms included mixed bacterial culture, unicellular green algae. Phenol poisoning can occur by skin absorption, vapor inhalation, or ingestion.
Pdf toxicity of phenol to fish and aquatic ecosystems. Alkylphenol ethoxylates are nonionic surfactants, consisting of branchedchain alkylphenols, which have been reacted with ethylene oxide, producing an ethoxylate chain. Phenol is produced through both natural and anthropogenic processes. Section 1 chemical product and company identification. When phenol is exposed directly to the animals skin, its severity of toxic effects will depend on the size of the total surface area of exposed skin. Thus phenol pollution represents a threat and alkyl phenol 1820. Nitration nitration of phenol can be carried out atnitration of phenol can be carried out at room temperature by using dilute nitricroom temperature by using dilute nitric acid. Toxicological profile for nonylphenol september 2009 prepared by office of environmental health hazard assessment prepared for ocean protection council under an interagency agreement, number 07055, with the state coastal conservancy list of contributors authors jim carlisle, d. Immobilization of microorganisms in calcium alginate beads reduced the growth inhibition caused by bacteriostatic concentrations of phenol. Toxicity of phenol to fish and aquatic ecosystems article pdf available in bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 632. Alphabetical listings, flavors and fragrances, halal certified products, kosher certified products, o z, biological source. Many simple phenols are responsible for taste, for example eugenol in. Phenols constitute probably the largest group of plant secondary metabolites, varying in size from a simple structure with an aromatic ring to complex ones such as lignins.
The toxicity of pure phenol, formaldehyde, and industrial wastewater, containing phenol and formaldehyde, from a resin production plant was evaluated using aquatic organisms from dif ferent taxonomic groups. Read toxicity of phenol to fish and aquatic ecosystems, bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology on deepdyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. Certificate of analysis coa specification sheet pdf similar products. Phenolic compounds exist in water bodies due to the discharge of polluted wastewater from industrial, agricultural and domestic activities into water bodies.
Dermal ocular exposure chloroform may be absorbed across the skin and prolonged exposure may result in systemic toxicity, as described in the inhalation section. Triton x100 c 14 h 22 oc 2 h 4 o n is a nonionic surfactant that has a hydrophilic polyethylene oxide chain on average it has 9. In the general sense, phenol red should be nontoxic to mammalian cells. Comparison of toxicity units tu of phenol and the effluent flow showed that tu value for effluent was 1. Published 1 july 2014 last updated 14 august 2019 see all updates.
Toxicity of phenol to fish and aquatic ecosystems deepdyve. Phenol is a colorless or white solid when it is pure. It has a role as a surfactant, a xenoestrogen and a metabolite. A toxicological profile for phenol, draft for public comment was released in october 2006. Phenol is an aromatic organic compound with the molecular formula c 6 h 5 oh. Other data on the toxicity of phenol and its derivatives were consistent with the results of the safety evaluation. Phenol is readily absorbed following inhalation, ingestion and dermal exposure, resulting in systemic toxicity. Phenol safe work practices university of connecticut.
The main alkylphenols used are octyl and nonylphenol. Exposure to nonyl phenol if swallowed, inhaled, or absorbed through skin causes severe irritation. Therefore, the free phenol concentrations in the blood can be regarded as an index of poisoning 7. The skin irritation caused by continual exposure to phenol eventually led to the. The original guidelines were published in the federal register on april 17, 1987. The acute toxicity reported on this page is of the pure chemical ingredient only and may not reflect the acute toxicity of individual pesticide products. In laboratories, phenol can be found as a component in commercial reagents e. Toxicology is the study of the harmful actions of agents on biological mechanisms. Scientific opinion on the toxicological evaluation of phenol. Phenol is a colorless, toxic, corrosive, needle shaped solid. Phenylpropanes are organic compounds that contain a phenylpropane moiety. Examples of acute toxins are sodiumcyanide, sodium azide and dimethyl mercury. Cytotoxicity of phenol red in toxicity assays for carbon.
The product is a mixture of 2nitrophenolthe product is a mixture of 2nitrophenol and 4nitrophenol. Toxicity change of phenol by gammaray treatment was greatly different from the results of chemical degradation. Determination of 4octylphenol and 4nonylphenol congeners in composite foods article pdf available in food additives and contaminants 209. Draft hazard identification documents for propachlor and phenol request for information on phenol, a chemical to be considered by dart ic availability of final data summaries and priorities for chemicals with respect to their potential to cause birth defects or other reproductive harm. The increase in phenol tolerance occurred at different. Even small amounts of phenol that have been applied to an animals skin for short periods of time have produced blisters and burns on the exposed area, while spilling diluted phenol solutions on over 25 percent. Effect of environmental pollution by phenol on some. Oral toxicity of phenol in humans total dose a 5 1020 15 15 2530 50 53 estimated tokg 0. Identification of the substancepreparation and of the companyundertaking product name phenol unid no un1671 synonyms phenol molecular weight 94. Experimental studies of the extended toxicity of substituted phenols are mainly of two types. Noaels and loaels in rat for reproductive toxicity based on decreases in epididymal sperm. Phenol, cas no 108952, food contact materials, hazard characterisation, tdi, toxicity, doseresponse.
Formaldehyde, polymer with 1,3benzenediol and phenol. Among the movement parameters tested, velocity was the most sensitive biomarker with an ec50 of 3. Analysis of longterm 3 months influence by a low concentration of phenol 0. Toxicity of phenol in ultrapure water sample was dramatically increased for a dose of 1. Toxicity of phenol to fish and aquatic ecosystems springerlink. Ultrasound, sonochemistry, phenol, bioassay, daphnia magna. Evidence on the developmental and reproductive toxicity of. Other pertinent literature is also presented, but is described in less detail. Indeed, no toxicity was observed in this work when hela cells were incubated even in a rpmi1640 solution containing up to 500.
Following absorption, phenol is rapidly distributed. Revision notes on alcohols, phenols and ether askiitians. Hydrophobocity affects the solubility of phenol in a cells fractions and thus possibility of interaction of the compound with specified cell and tissue structures. Product name phenol, saturated solution product codes 0945 unno 2821 distributor amresco inc. Safety data sheet cyclohexanone hill brothers chemical. Antibiotics, used to prevent contamination by bacteria. Especially toxic in rats, mice and rabbits in lab tests, testing has shown high acute toxicity from phenol regarding oral exposure. One study concluded that phenol altered the sex ratio in rats at 30 mgm and also implied the same effect in humans. The dangers of phenol poisoning in dogs and cats second. Total activity counts in rats provided phenol in drinking water. The antibacterial activity of phenol was determined by measuring inhibition of exponentially growing free and immobilized cells of escherichia coli, pseudomonas putida and staphylococcus aureus.
The atsdr toxicological profile succinctly characterizes the toxicologic and adverse health effects information for the hazardous substance described here. The average fatal dose is 2550 ml of household phenol. Levels for systemic toxicity based on body weight or body weight gain in repeat dose rat oral toxicity studies range from to 100 mgkgbwday and from 43 to 400 mgkgbwday, respectively. The rest of the inhalation database for phenol is outdated and not useful for risk assessment, although it serves to identify some targets for phenol toxicity. Op is an endocrine disruptor because of its estrogenic activity and adverse effect in fish species. Canadian water quality guidelines for the protection of.
Phenol is less soluble in water, but readily soluble in organic solvents. The mean lethal dose for adults is estimated to be approximately 45 g 1. Sediment toxicity reference values constituent trv mgkg ref. Dow surfactants alternatives to alkyl phenol ethoxylate. Characteristic of phenol poisoning are burns of the mucous membranes. The descending order of toxicity is phenol, pcresol, ocresol, mcresol, and catechol.
Np is persistent in the aquatic environment, moderately bioaccumulative, and extremely toxic to aquatic organisms. This book presents the state of the art of some of the natural sources of phenolic compounds, for example, medicinal plants, grapes or blue maize. Benzene is an example of a chronic toxin which can cause damage after repeated or long term exposure. Protection of bacteria against toxicity of phenol by. It is a member of the class of compounds known as phenylpropanes. The most important finding was a highly significant reduction in fetal body weights in the highdose group. The toxicity of conjugated forms of phenol is less than that of free compounds. When phenol is present in the aquatic environment, therefore subjected to low levels chronic phenol pollution. High concentrations are extremely destructive to the upper respiratory tract. Although an abundance of data on the acute toxicity of phenol tja fish and invertebrate species and plants is available, the chronic toxicity data are limited to one test on daphnia magna. May 23, 2008 download hires image download to mspowerpoint cite this. Comparative assessment of toxicity of phenol, formaldehyde. Appropriate acute, subacute, subchronic, and especially chronic phenol toxicity data derived through biologically relevant exposure routes are needed.
Wildlife toxicity assessment for phenol sciencedirect. Phenol soon liquifies due to high hygroscopic nature. Alcohols and phenols phenol aromatic alcohol pka 10 alcohol pka 1618 o c h c o cc h enol keto chemistry dominated by the keto form co h sp3 o h alcohols contain an oh group connected to a saturated carbon sp3 phenols contain an oh group connected to a carbon of a benzene ring 77 o h h ro r. Bisphenol a general toxicity bisphenol a bpa information. Effects of phenol exposure on spleen cellularity and selected blood parameters. It evaporates more slowly than water and is moderately soluble in water.
Chemical degradation is not coupled with toxicity reduction. To view acute toxicity of individual products, click on view products link in the chemical identification section above. The toxicity of phenolic compounds varies widely with the organism tested, dissolved oxygen content, and water temperature alabaster and lloyd 1982. Rivm report 601714007 environmental risk limits for 2,4. Therefore, 2dimethylamino phenol the most toxic of the 162 ranked is predicted to be fold more toxic per mole than the least toxic compound ranked, 4hydroxybenzoic acid. Jul 01, 2014 information on phenol also known as carbolic acid and hydroxybenzene, for responding to chemical incidents. The toxicological effects of bisphenol a are well understood. Mildly acidic, it requires careful handling because it can cause chemical burns phenol was first extracted from coal tar, but today is produced on a large scale about 7. Phenol gives off a sweet, acrid smell detectable to most people at 40 ppb in air and at about 18 ppm in water atsdr, 1998. In egypt, effluents of oil against natural environment and also to human health refineries contain phenol and the receiving water are 11.
Thus, sonication was able to eliminate the toxicity of byproducts which were formed during the degradation of phenol. Apr 30, 20 the lowest reference point for deriving a health based guidance value was provided by the bmdl 10 of 52 mgkg bwday for reduced maternal body weight gain from a developmental toxicity study where rats were exposed to phenol by gavage from gestational day 6 to 16. Phenol is an aromatic organic compound with the molecular formula c6h5oh. Feb 04, 2015 phenol toxicity is related with two main processes unspecified toxicity related with hydrophobocity of the individual compound and formation of free radicals 6. Phenol acute exposure guideline levels ncbi bookshelf. Phenol is an aromatic chemical commonly found in domestic and industrial effluents that represents a worldwide concern in toxicology.
The rfd was derived by the bmd approach using bmds version 1. Primarily, the values are clustered in the range 250500 mgkg, although the value. Hazards identification potential health effects acute toxicity eyes corrosive. Canadian water quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life phenols mono and dihydric phenols 3 acute toxicities for daphnia magna include a 96h lc50 of 2.
Inactivating ingredients, used to kill viruses or inactivate toxins. Rapid phenol toxicity tests 1 h were developed based on chl a fluorescence and the movement parameters of euglena agilis. Phenol 108952 hazard summary exposure to phenol may occur from the use of some medicinal products including throat lozenges and ointments. Nonylphenol np and nonylphenol ethoxylates npes are produced in large volumes, with uses that lead to widespread release to the aquatic environment. In biochemistry, naturally occurring phenols refers to phenol functional group that is found in natural products. Although many of the essential oils are terpenes, some are phenolic compounds, for example thymol from thymus spp. Extreme high moderate low section 1 chemical product and company identification product name phenol red statement of hazardous nature considered a hazardous substance according to osha 29 cfr 1910. The derived aegl1 values are supported by the sandage 1961 results, in which continuous inhalation of phenol by rhesus monkeys at 5 ppm for 90 days failed to result in any sign of phenol toxicity. Journalofengineering 5 0 20 40 60 100 80 0 10203040506070 phenol removal efficiency % time min c0 50, 1.
Pdf determination of 4octylphenol and 4nonylphenol. Use of the information, documents and data from the echa website is subject to the terms and conditions of this legal notice, and subject to other binding limitations provided for under applicable law, the information, documents and data made available on the echa website may be reproduced, distributed andor used, totally or in part, for noncommercial purposes provided that echa is. Phenol is highly irritating to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes in humans after acute shortterm inhalation or dermal exposures. Dow surfactants alternatives to alkyl phenol ethoxylate ape, apeo surfactants.
Human data on the potential female reproductive toxicity of phenol includes epidemiological investigations of workplace exposures, and studies of placentas from women considered to have had high environmental exposures. Other supporting studies are the pharmacokinetic study by piotrowski 1971 who exposed subjects at up to 6. Phenol is considered to be quite toxic to humans via oral exposure. Phenolic compounds as a large class of metabolites found in plants have attracted attention since long time ago due to their properties and the hope that they will show beneficial health effects when taken as dietary supplements. Reports of abortion and other toxic symptoms after phenol exposure. Simplest phenols, because of hydrogen bonding have quite high boiling points. Toxicity testing on the same species by different researchers in different waters produced lc50 values which varied widely. A rapid phenol toxicity test based on photosynthesis and. Triton x100 is closely related to igepal ca630 or former nonidet p40, which might. Phenol toxicity is related with two main processes unspecified toxicity related with hydrophobocity of the individual compound and formation of free radicals 6. Chloroform toxicological overview survived a dose of 270 g chloroform 1, 2.
The lc50 values for fathead minnows pimephales promelas exposed to phenol range from 8. Phenol v foreword this toxicological profile is prepared in accordance with guidelines developed by the agency for toxic substances and disease registry atsdr and the environmental protection agency epa. The hydrocarbon group is a 41,1,3,3tetramethylbutylphenyl group. Phenol significantly reduced f v f m of ps ii and retrmax with ec50 values of 8. Phenol poisoning definition of phenol poisoning by medical. There is only one modern study of inhalation exposure of animals to phenol.
1622 1430 614 503 595 298 658 760 160 201 811 317 1678 1114 258 612 495 1272 709 1666 13 479 165 860 277 483 199 162 88 477 200 1653 478 605 56 713 994 875 328 1024 1418